پادشاه (مونارشی) به فردی میگویند که در قالب نظامی سلطنتی، رئیس کشور است. در چنین نظامهایی شکلی از حکومت وجود دارد که در آن کشور توسط فردی اداره میشود که معمولاً تا پایان عُمر یا کنارهگیریش حکومت میکند و بهطور معمول این تاج و تخت را به ارث میبرد.[۱] پادشاهان ممکن است یکهسالار (آتوکراسی، که به صورت پادشاهی مطلقه در میآید) باشند،[۲] یا ممکن است اقتدار سنتی و تشریفاتی داشته باشند که فقط از اختیارات محدودی استفاده میکنند یا اصلاً اختیار نداشته باشند یا مانند بسیاری از پادشاهیهای مشروطه اختیاراتشان را به قوه مقننه یا هیئت دولت تفویذ کردهباشند.[۳] در بسیاری از موارد قدرت سلطنت از یک دین رسمی ناشی و با آن مرتبط است.[۴]اغلب تنها یک پادشاه در کشور فرمانرواست؛ گرچه گاهی یک نایبالسلطنه در صورت خردسال بودن شاه، عدم توانایی یا حضور او، در حکومت شریک میشود.[۵] موارد خاصی که دو نفر در یک مقام سلطنتی شریک باشند، همچون وضعیت کنونی آندورا، همسالاری نامیده میشود.[۶]
در مطالعات سیاسی و اجتماعی فرهنگی، سلطنتها معمولاً با حکومت ارثی مرتبط هستند. اکثر پادشاهان، در هر دو زمینه تاریخی و معاصر، در یک خانواده سلطنتی متولد و بزرگ شدهاند.[۶][۷] در ممالک مختلف، حق جانشینی به شکلهای گوناگونی تعریف میشود؛ مانند نزدیکی انتساب، نخستزایی و سالخوردگی آگناتیک. با این حال، برخی از سلطنتها موروثی نیستند و در عوض، حاکم از طریق یک فرایند انتخابی تعیین میشود؛ یک نمونه مدرن این گونه، شاهان مالزی هستند.[۸] بسیاری از سیستمها از ترکیبی از عناصر وراثتی و انتخابی استفاده میکنند که انتخاب یا نامزدی جانشین را محدود به اعضای یک خانواده سلطنتی میکند.[۹][۱۰]
فرمانروایان بر پایه کشور
جستارهای وابسته
- فهرست پادشاهان کنونی با طولانیترین دوره حکمرانی
- فهرست سران کنونی کشورها و دولتها
- فهرست وارثان بلافصل
پانویس
- ↑ اسقف اورگل و رئیسجمهور فرانسه هر کدام سمت شاهزادگان آندورا را دارند، اما هیچ عنوان شخصی به این نقش ضمیمه نشدهاست.
- ↑ چارلز در حال حاضر پادشاه پانزده قلمرو مشترک المنافع جدا از هم است.
- ↑ از سمت خویشاوندان پدری جزئی از دودمان گلوکسبورگ است.
- ↑ حمد بن عیسی تا ۱۴ فوریه ۲۰۰۲ با عنوان "امیر دولت بحرین" سلطنت میکرد، ولی از این تاریخ عنوان جدید "پادشاه بحرین" را بر اساس قانون اساسی جدید به دست آورد.[۲۸]
- ↑ ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ قبیله عتبه tribe.[۲۹]
- ↑ دودمان ساکس-کوبرگ و گوتا[۳۰] شاخهای از دودمان ویتین.[۳۱]
- ↑ پادشاه بلژیک با مرگ یا کنارهگیری سلف خود بهطور خودکار تاج و تخت را به دست نمیگیرد. آنها تنها پس از ادای سوگند طبق قانون اساسی پادشاه میشوند.
- ↑ Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[۳۳]
- ↑ Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[۳۵]
- ↑ تاج گذاری در ۲۹ اکتبر ۲۰۰۴ انجام شد.[۳۶]
- ↑ شاخهای از وارمان. از نام خانوادگی «نورودوم» استفاده میشود.[۳۷][۳۸]
- ↑ پادشاه توسط شورای سلطنتی تاج و تخت از میان فرزندان مذکر پادشاهان آنگ دوونگ، نورودوم و سیسووات مادام العمر انتخاب میشوند.[۳۹]
- ↑ رسماً خاندان اشلسویگ-هولشتاین-سوندربورگ-گلوکزبورگ که شاخه ای از خاندان اولدنبورگ است.[۴۰]
- ↑ جانشینی تابع قانون عرفی است و از حق اولویت اول فرزند تبعیت نمیکند. شورایی از بزرگان انتخاب میکنند که از میان همسران پادشاه حاکم، چه کسی مادر شاه بعدی باشد. این زن پس از به سلطنت رسیدن پسرش به عنوان «ندلووکاتی» خواهد رسید و در طول مدت سلطنت او در کنار او حکومت خواهد کرد. دو همسر اول پادشاه را واجد شرایط نمیدانند.[۴۲][۴۳]
- ↑ "ناراهیتو" نام کوچک اوست، اما این نام سلطنتی او نیست و هرگز در ژاپنی به این نام خوانده نمیشود. دوران سلطنت ناروهیتو نام "ریوا" را بر خود دارد و طبق عادت او پس از مرگش به "امپراتور ریواً تغییر نام میدهد.[۴۵]
- ↑ The بر تخت نشستن امپراتور ژاپن was held on 22 October 2019.[۴۶]
- ↑ وی نام خانوادگی ندارد.[۴۷][۴۸] این نام یاماتو از دوره یاماتو اتخاذ شده و[۴۹]اغلب به عنوان نامی برای سلسله امپراتوری استفاده میشود، اما هیچ مبنای رسمی ندارد.
- ↑ Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[۵۱]
- ↑ جانشینی بر اساس سن است. با این حال، پادشاه حاکم نیز ممکن است جانشین خود را از میان شاهزادگان واجد شرایط انتخاب کند.[۵۲]
- ↑ رسماً از ۲۰ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳ بنا به دعوت پارلمان.[۵۵]
- ↑ وارث توسط امیر حاکم منصوب میشود و نامزدی نیز باید توسط اکثریت اعضای مجلس شورای ملی تأیید شود.[۵۶] تاج و تخت بهطور سنتی بین دو شاخه اصلی خاندان آل صباح - السالم و الجابر - تا سال ۲۰۰۶ جابجا شدهاست.[۵۷][۵۸] امیر کنونی از شاخه الجابر است.
- ↑ Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[۶۰]
- ↑ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[نیازمند منبع] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[۶۲] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son آلوئیس، ولیعهد لیختناشتاین as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[۶۳]
- ↑ Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[۶۴]
- ↑ The royal family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg,[۶۵] descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the دودمان بوربون.
- ↑ عنوان یانگ دی پرتوان آگونگ به معنی رهبر کشور است ولی پادشاه نیز ترجمه میشود.[۶۶]
- ↑ Elected on 27 October 2023.[۶۷] Term of office started on 31 January 2024.[۶۸]
- ↑ "یانگ دی-پرتوان آگونگ" توسط و از میان نُه حاکم موروثی ایالتهای مالایی که شورای حاکمان را تشکیل میدهند، برای یک دوره پنج ساله انتخاب میشود. این موقعیت تا به امروز، با توافق غیررسمی، بهطور سیستماتیک بین ۹ نفر تغییر یافتهاست. این سامانه در ابتدا اساس یانگ دیپرتوان آگونگ بود.[۶۹]
- ↑ Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[۷۱][۷۲] He had previously served as regent from 31 March 2005 until his accession to the throne.[۷۳]
- ↑ Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[۷۵]
- ↑ The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe.[۷۷][۷۸]
- ↑ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[۸۰]
- ↑ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions:[۸۴]
- ↑ Succession is based upon male primogeniture. However, Felipe VI currently has no male children.[۸۶]
- ↑ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[۸۸]
- ↑ Name is also written as Mahawachiralongkon.[۹۰] He is also styled Rama X.[۹۱]
- ↑ Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed King on 1 December 2016 with retroactive effect to the date of his father's death.[۹۱] The coronation took place from 4 – 6 May 2019.[۹۲][۹۳]
- ↑ A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[۹۵][۹۶]
- ↑ The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[۹۷]
- ↑ The نخستوزیر امارات متحده عربی is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[۹۸]
- ↑ According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[۹۸] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Sheikh of Dubai.[۹۹]
- ↑ As واتیکان, by virtue of being پاپ.
منابع
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- ↑ "Thai Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn proclaimed king". BBC News. December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
- ↑ ۹۱٫۰ ۹۱٫۱ Charuvastra, Teeranai (November 29, 2016). "Prince Vajiralongkorn Proclaimed King Rama X". Khao Sod. بانکوک. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
- ↑ "Thailand's King Vajiralongkorn crowned". BBC News. May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ↑ "Thai king coronation: Sacred water, royal regalia and a housewarming party". BBC News. May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
- ↑ "The Illustrious Chakri Family". Mahidol University. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ↑ Government of Tonga (28 July 2008). "Geneology of King Tupou VI". Office of the Lord Chamberlain. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ↑ ۹۶٫۰ ۹۶٫۱ Government of Tonga. "Tu'i Kanokupolu". Palace Office. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
- ↑ Shoup, John A; Maisel, Sebastian (2009). Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-313-34444-2.. "The Al Nahyan … are a branch of the Al Bu Falah tribe of the Bani Yas confederation, and although they have been a small section of the tribe, the Al Nahyan have traditionally provided the paramount shaykh for the confederation."
- ↑ ۹۸٫۰ ۹۸٫۱ Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.
- ↑ Noack, Sascha (2007). Doing Business in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates. GRIN Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-638-79766-5.
- ↑ "President Sheikh Khalifa dies aged 73". The National (به انگلیسی). 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "Argentina's Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope". بیبیسی نیوز. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
پیوند به بیرون
- Soszynski, Henry. "Genealogical Gleanings: Royal and Noble Lineages". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011.
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