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url url url url
  2. Weltenzyklopädie
  3. پسینی و پیشینی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
پسینی و پیشینی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
بخشی از سلسله مقاله‌ها پیرامون
معرفت‌شناسی
مکاتب
مفاهیم
حوزه‌ها
معرفت‌شناسان
زمینه‌های وابسته

عبارت‌های پیشینی یا آپِریوری (a priori به معنی پیشین) و پسینی یا آپوستِریوری (a posteriori به معنی پسین)[۱] در فلسفه (معرفت‌شناسی) برای تمایز بین دو نوع دانش بکار می‌رود:

  • دانش حضوری مستقل از تجربه است (مثلاً «همه مجردها خوشبخت هستند»). از نظر گالن استراوسون چنین دانشی «درستی آن در حالی که روی تخت لمیده‌اید آشکار است. لازم نیست بیرون بروید تا درستی آنرا بیازمایید. لازم نیست هیچ گونه تجربه علمی انجام دهید.» که البته در نظر کانت این گزاره " همه مجرد‌ها ازدواج نکرده‌اند " یک عبارت پیشینیِ محض نیست چرا که مفهوم ازدواج باید از تجربه استخراج گردد.
  • دانش حصولی وابسته به تجربه یا مشاهده است (مثلاً «بعضی از مجردهایی که من دیده‌ام خوشبخت هستند»).

عقاید مختلفی دربارهٔ این دو نوع دانش وجود دارد و رابطه بین آن‌ها یکی از قدیمی‌ترین مسایل فلسفه مدرن است. به اصطلاحات مرتبط قیاسی/استقرایی، گزاره تحلیلی-گزاره ترکیبی، وجوب/امکان رجوع کنید.

برای جزییات بیشتر در زمینه دانش حضوری ، در ویکی پدیا علم حضوری را ببینید.

منابع

  1. ↑ http://www.ensani.ir/fa/content/58661/default.aspx

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «A priori and a posteriori». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۶ دسامبر ۲۰۱۴.

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