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url url url url
  2. Weltenzyklopädie
  3. ابرتوفند - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
ابرتوفند - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

اَبَرتوفند (به انگلیسی: Hypercane) یک کلاس فرضی از توفند شدید گرمسیری است که اگر دمای سطح دریا به حدود ۵۰ درجه سانتیگراد (۱۲۲ درجه فارنهایت) برسد، می‌تواند تشکیل شود؛ که این، ۱۵ درجه سانتیگراد (۲۷ درجه فارنهایت) گرمتر از گرمترین دمای ثبت شدهٔ اقیانوس است.[۱] چنین افزایشی می‌تواند ناشی از برخورد یک سیارک یا دنباله‌دار بزرگ، یک فوران بزرگ یک ابرآتشفشان، یک جریان زیردریایی سیل بازالتی بزرگ، یا گرم شدن گسترده زمین باشد.[۲] برخی گمانه‌زنی‌ها مبنی بر این که مجموعه‌ای از اَبَرتوفندهای ناشی از برخورد یک سیارک یا دنباله‌دار بزرگ در نابودی دایناسورهای غیر پرنده نقش داشته‌است.[۳]این فرضیه توسط کری امانوئل از MIT ایجاد شد که این اصطلاح را نیز ابداع کرد.[۴][۵][۳]

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

  1. ↑ "Temperature of Ocean Water". Windows to the Universe. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. August 31, 2001. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  2. ↑ Leahy, Stephen (سپتامبر 16, 2005). "The Dawn of the Hypercane?". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  3. ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ Emanuel, Kerry; Speer, Kevin; Rotunno, Richard; Srivastava, Ramesh; Molina, Mario (July 20, 1995). "Hypercanes: A Possible Link to Global Extinction Scenarios". Journal of Geophysical Research. 100 (D7): 13755–13765. Bibcode:1995JGR...10013755E. doi:10.1029/95JD01368. Archived from the original on 2 اكتبر 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  4. ↑ Hecht, Jeff (February 4, 1995). "Did storms land the dinosaurs in hot water?". New Scientist. No. 1963. p. 16. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  5. ↑ Emanuel, Kerry (September 16, 1996). "Limits on Hurricane Intensity". Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, MIT. Retrieved July 24, 2008.


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